Science has long shown that men are at greater risk for developing atrial fibrillation (AFib) than women; but it has never been fully understood why women would be protected from developing the condition. New research from the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai challenges this conventional wisdom by demonstrating that women – when height is accounted […]
https://interhospi.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/09/sex-differences_2143257943-scaled-e1663868214846.jpg11151600panglobalhttps://interhospi.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/Component-6-–-1.pngpanglobal2022-09-01 09:45:192022-09-02 10:13:01Sex differences and AFib: New study flips conventional wisdom
https://interhospi.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/09/pill-1.jpg10791920panglobalhttps://interhospi.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/Component-6-–-1.pngpanglobal2022-09-01 09:41:482022-09-02 10:11:18Early exposure to antibiotics can cause permanent asthma and allergies
Measuring how the eyes’ pupils change in response to light – known as the pupillary light reflex – could potentially be used to screen for autism in young children, according to a study conducted at Washington State University.
https://interhospi.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/09/eye.jpg11491920panglobalhttps://interhospi.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/Component-6-–-1.pngpanglobal2022-09-01 09:34:472022-09-02 10:15:41Eye test can be used to screen children for autism
A large cross-sectional study conducted in 114 centres in 10 countries confirmed that plasma viral antigen can be quantified in early samples obtained from patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and is highly associated with both baseline severity of illness and clinically important patient outcomes. The findings are published in Annals of Internal Medicine [1].
Cleveland Clinic has successfully performed a first-in-the-world full multi-organ transplant to treat a patient with a rare form of appendix cancer called pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP). Upon completion of the lifesaving transplant surgery, the patient received five digestive organs: liver, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, and small intestine.
https://interhospi.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/09/cleveland-organ-transplant-scaled-e1662026206310.jpg6661000panglobalhttps://interhospi.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/Component-6-–-1.pngpanglobal2022-09-01 09:26:172022-09-02 11:25:56Cleveland Clinic performs first-in-world full multi- organ transplant to treat rare appendix cancer
Recently, MK Laboratory developed an analysis service for sterilization plants of public and private hospitals to determine the microbial population of surgical sets. Additionally, MK now offers sampling services.
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FUJIFILM Healthcare Europe has set up a partnership with the ‘Augmented Operating Room’ (BOpA) Innovation Chair to accelerate the development of digital technologies for surgery.
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Cambridgeshire, UK-based Paragraf, the first company in the world to deliver a scalable approach to graphene electronic device manufacturing, has announced a plan to develop a new generation of graphene-based, in-vitro diagnostic products that will give results within a few minutes.
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Aidoc, a leading provider of healthcare AI solutions, has signed a strategic agreement with Isala Hospital, one of the largest non-academic medical facilities in the Netherlands. Isala’s implementation of the AI Care platform, which includes three of the ten AI algorithms of Aidoc’s suite of CE-marked and FDA-cleared AI solutions, will empower the hospital to […]
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Brain cortical surfaces are represented by triangular meshes. The surface area of each vertex (e.g., the red point) is one third of the total surface area of its one-ring neighboring triangles (the red hexagon). Credit: Gang Li Lab, UNC School of Medicine
Scientists at the University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine have mapped the surface of the cortex of the young human brain with unprecedented resolution, revealing the development of key functional regions from two months before birth to two years after.
The new cortical development mapping, reported online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, represents a valuable resource for further research on brain development and offers a powerful new approach to the study of brain-development conditions such as autism and schizophrenia.
“These results provide an important reference for exploring and understanding the dynamics of early brain development,” said study senior author Gang Li, PhD, associate professor of radiology at the UNC School of Medicine.
The study’s first author was Ying Huang, a PhD candidate in Li’s laboratory.
The cortex is a sheet of brain cells that wraps around much of the rest of the brain. The most evolutionarily advanced brain region, it is proportionately larger in humans than in other mammals, and is responsible for higher, distinctively human functions including language abilities and abstract reasoning.
Most dynamic period in cortical development
The third trimester of pregnancy through the first two years of life is the most dynamic period in cortical development. The cortex thickens markedly during this interval, and grows at an even faster pace in terms of surface area, by forming complicated cortical folds.
Disruptions to cortical thickening and expansion in this phase have been linked to autism and schizophrenia. However, neuroscientists haven’t had as detailed an understanding of this developmental phase as they would like. In particular, they’ve had a need for more comprehensive, high-resolution mapping, across the foetal-to-toddler age range, that divides or “parcellates” the developing cortex into distinct regions with their own growth rates – especially surface area growth rates.
In the study, Li and colleagues performed just such a mapping. They first gathered a set of 1,037 high-quality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of infants in the third-trimester-to-two-year age interval. The scans came from two other research projects, the UNC/UMN Baby Connectome Project (BCP) and the Developing Human Connectome Project. The team analyzed the scan data using state-of-the-art, computer-based image-processing methods, essentially dividing the cortical surface into a virtual mesh containing thousands of tiny circular areas, and calculating the surface expansion rate for each of these areas.
Locations of brain structures
The analysis didn’t start with assumptions about the locations of brain structures or functional regions, but this regionalization of the brain became evident anyway from the resulting maps, based solely on the different rates at which areas of the surface expanded. In all, the researchers defined 18 distinct regions, which they found correlated well with what is already known about the developing cortex’s functional regions.
“All these regions show dramatic expansion in surface area during this developmental window, with each region having a distinct trajectory,” Li said.
Apparent sex differences
The maps revealed that each region tended to have the same developmental path as its counterpart in the cortex’s opposite hemisphere. Sex differences were apparent too. Even when controlling for sex differences in overall surface area – male brains having greater area – there remained differences in multiple regions. For example, the medial prefrontal region in the left hemisphere, which is believed to host important functions such as attention and working memory, became proportionately larger in males early in the second year of postnatal life.
The analysis also showed that the patterns of cortical surface area expansion in this early period of life were very different from the patterns of cortical thickness development, suggesting that these two measures of brain development involve distinct mechanisms.
All in all, Li said, the mapping provides fundamental new insights into brain development.
He and his team now plan to extend this approach with MRI scan datasets that start at earlier ages and end at older ones. They also hope eventually to study scan datasets covering children who have autism-spectrum or other neurodevelopmental conditions. Such analyses might offer not only clues to the origins of these conditions, but also the identification of early signs or biomarkers, which in the future could be used to administer early and more effective treatments.
Reference:
Ying Huang, Zhengwang Wu, Fan Wang, et. al. “Mapping developmental regionalization and patterns of cortical surface area from 29 post-menstrual weeks to 2 years of age.” PNAS, August 8, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121748119
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