Alloys like bronze and steel have been transformational for centuries, yielding top-of-the-line machines necessary for industry. As scientists move toward nanotechnology, however, the focus has shifted toward creating alloys at the nanometer scale

In a retrospective study, Saint Louis University researchers have found that patients with melanoma brain metastases can be treated with large doses of interleukin-2 (HD IL-2), a therapy that triggers the body’s own immune system to destroy the cancer cells.
John Richart, M.D., associate professor of internal medicine at SLU and principal investigator of the study, first treated a patient with the disease using the HD IL-2 treatment in 1999.
‘Traditionally, melanoma patients with brain metastases have not been considered for HD IL-2 because treatment was thought to be futile,’ Richart said. ‘Our study shows that having this condition does not exclude a patient from getting this treatment and can in fact improve the length of their life.’
Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer that begins in the melanin-producing cells called melanocytes. In some melanoma patients, the cancer spreads to the brain, causing multiple tumours that are difficult to treat. According to the CDC, melanoma is the third most common cancer causing brain metastases in the U.S. Richart said the median overall survival of patients with melanoma brain metastases is approximately four months whereas in the study, the median overall survival for patients was 8.7 months.
During the treatment, patients are given an IV medication – a chemical the body naturally makes that stimulates the immune system to recognise and destroy melanoma cells – for a period of six days while they are admitted to the hospital and are closely monitored by doctors and nurses. A patient requires four such six-day admission cycles in order to complete the course of the treatment.
To be eligible for HD IL-2 treatment, melanoma patients with brain metastases have to be in healthy shape with good brain function – that is they cannot have brain lesions that are growing rapidly or show any symptoms of brain lesions. In the past, melanoma patients with brain metastases have been considered ineligible for this treatment because doctors thought that the treatment would cause life-threatening cerebral oedema, a complication that causes excess accumulation of fluids in the brain, and neurotoxicity, or irreversible damage to the brain or the nervous system.
‘In this review, we found that there were no episodes of treatment-related mortality. Our findings demonstrate that HD IL-2 can be considered as an option for patients with melanoma brain metastases,’ said Melinda Chu, M.D., a first year dermatology resident at SLU and first author of the study. St Louis Hospital

The Echocardiography Guided Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (EchoCRT) study showed CRT, a standard of care in heart failure patients with a wide QRS, is not beneficial in patients with heart failure and a narrow QRS complex, below 130 milliseconds (msec).
The results reaffirm current guidelines excluding patients with a narrow QRS for CRT, and expand the body of evidence that simple electrocardiographic determination of QRS duration remains the most important predictor of the clinical benefits of CRT, rather than measures of mechanical dyssynchrony by echocardiography. Based on the results of EchoCRT, the identification of patients who will obtain the benefit of CRT can be done most easily by a 12 lead-ECG.

‘Results from previous smaller trials had suggested a potential for CRT in heart failure patients with narrow QRS. EchoCRT now provides evidence from a definite outcome trial that patients with symptomatic heart failure with QRS width less than 130msec do not benefit from CRT,’ said co-lead investigator Frank Ruschitzka, MD, from the University Hospital in Zurich, Switzerland.
‘The EchoCRT trial evaluated an important question for daily clinical practice. The results will help to guide physicians

New research from the University of Southampton shows that copper and copper alloys will rapidly destroy norovirus