A new Northwestern Medicine brain-machine technology delivers messages from the brain directly to the muscles — bypassing the spinal cord — to enable voluntary and complex movement of a paralysed hand. The device could eventually be tested on, and perhaps aid, paralysed patients.

‘We are eavesdropping on the natural electrical signals from the brain that tell the arm and hand how to move, and sending those signals directly to the muscles,’ said Lee E. Miller, the Edgar C. Stuntz Distinguished Professor in Neuroscience at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and the lead investigator of the study. ‘This connection from brain to muscles might someday be used to help patients paralysed due to spinal cord injury perform activities of daily living and achieve greater independence.’

The research was done in monkeys, whose electrical brain and muscle signals were recorded by implanted electrodes when they grasped a ball, lifted it and released it into a small tube. Those recordings allowed the researchers to develop an algorithm or ‘decoder’ that enabled them to process the brain signals and predict the patterns of muscle activity when the monkeys wanted to move the ball.

These experiments were performed by Christian Ethier, a post-doctoral fellow, and Emily Oby, a graduate student in neuroscience, both at the Feinberg School of Medicine. The researchers gave the monkeys a local anaesthetic to block nerve activity at the elbow, causing temporary, painless paralysis of the hand. With the help of the special devices in the brain and the arm

Preliminary results from an ongoing, large-scale study by Yale School of Medicine researchers shows that oxytocin

Hopes of at last controlling malaria in Africa could be dashed by the emergence of poor-quality and fraudulent anti-malarial medicines, warn experts. Unless urgent action is taken both within Africa and internationally, they argue, millions of lives could be put at risk. In a study published, an international team of researchers report that some cases of medicines on sale in Africa have been deliberately counterfeited by criminals or are of poor quality because of factory errors. Both types are not only potentially harmful to the patient but also risk promoting the emergence of drug resistance among the parasites that cause malaria.
According to the World Malaria Report 2010, malaria killed an estimated 781 000 people in 2009, mainly young children and pregnant women. It is caused by parasites that are injected into the bloodstream by infected mosquitoes.
The most effective anti-malarial drugs are the artemisinin derivatives, which have the advantages over other anti-malarial drugs (such as chloroquine and mefloquine) of having few side-effects but the fastest action. Although the drugs have been used on their own as monotherapy, fears over the development of resistance mean that they are recommended for use in conjunction with one or more other drugs as artemisinin-based combination therapies, now recommended by the WHO as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria globally.
There has been a dramatic rise in reports of poor-quality and counterfeit anti-malarials in Africa. To find out more about the different types of medicines circulating and what they contain, and to look for evidence of where they might have come from, the researchers examined anti-malarials – collected in 11 African countries between 2002 and 2010 – that they believed to be either counterfeit or substandard.
Analysis of the medicines showed that some counterfeits contained a mixture of wrong active pharmaceutical ingredients, some of which might initially alleviate malaria symptoms but would not cure malaria. Worse still, these unexpected ingredients could cause potentially serious side-effects, particularly if they were to interact with other medication that a patient was currently taking, such as anti-retroviral therapies for HIV.
Some of the counterfeits also contained small amounts of artemisinin derivatives, perhaps to try to ensure that the drug would pass simple authenticity tests. Taken at such low levels, the drug is unlikely to rid the body of malaria parasites, leading to the emergence of strains of the parasite resistant to artemisinin.
The researchers identified pollen found in some of the tablets, which indicated that the counterfeit medicines originated in eastern Asia. Indeed, in 2001, police in Guangzhou, China, arrested Nigerian and Chinese men for production of counterfeits of the anti-malarial halofantrine. No evidence of counterfeit pharmaceutical production in Africa was found in the pollen analysis; however, production facilities for packaging materials for counterfeit anti-malarials have been seized in Nigeria.
Dr Paul Newton from the Wellcome Trust-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford University Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration in Laos, who led the research, says: ‘Public health organisations must take urgent, co-ordinated action to prevent the circulation of counterfeit and substandard medicines and improve the quality of the medicines that patients receive. We must move finally away from the use of single drugs and towards the exclusive use of combination therapies.
‘The enormous investment in the development, evaluation and deployment of anti-malarials is wasted if the medicines that patients actually take are, due to criminality or carelessness, of poor quality and do not cure. Malaria can be readily treated with the right drugs of good quality, but poor-quality medicines – as well as increasing mortality and morbidity – risk exacerbating the economic and social impact of malaria on societies that are already poor. Wellcome Trust

Laser-based measurements are proving to be a promising method for the assessment of osteoporosis. The team led by Professor Jussi Timonen has developed an ultrasound technique that use laser beams for a rapid and accurate assessment of osteoporosis. The research is part of the Photonics and Modern Imaging Techniques Research Programme of the Academy of Finland and involves input by researchers from the Universities of Jyv

In a significant departure from earlier models, neural engineers and neuroscientists working at Stanford University have developed a new model for the brain activity underlying arm movements. Motor neurons do not represent external-world parameters as previously thought, but rather send a few basic rhythmic patterns down the spine to drive movement. The finding has implications in prosthetics, the understanding of motor disorders and other uses yet to be discovered.
The neurons that control movement are not a predictable bunch. Scientists working to decode how such neurons convey information to muscles have been stymied when trying to establish a one-to-one relationship between a neuron