Cardiac arrhythmia is a common complication following lung transplantation, and one that has a significant negative impact on long-term patient survival, reports a team of UPMC researchers in the largest study of its kind to date. The results provide critical information that will hopefully lead to better care of transplant recipients.
Arrhythmia, a rapid and irregular heartbeat, can lead to chest pain, stroke and heart failure. In addition, the blood-thinning drugs oft en used to treat atrial fibrillation, the most common type of arrhythmia, carry risks of heavy bleeding.
"Arrhythmias present a lot of challenges for both physicians and patients. After noticing this complication in many of our lung transplant recipients, we decided to investigate how often and when it was happening, as well as any risk factors," said lead researcher Jonathan D’Cunha, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and chief of Lung Transplantation, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, UPMC. "Now that we have a better understanding of these events, we can develop a standardized treatment plan, and better educate patients in advance."
Performing 70 to 100 lung transplants per year, UPMC is one of the leaders for this procedure in the US. In the new study, researchers examined the medical records of 652 UPMC patients who underwent a single or double lung transplant between 2008 and 2013. They found that about 30 percent of patients developed arrhythmia, most often during the first week following surgery. Risk factors for a postoperative arrhythmia included being older and having had a previous heart surgery.
Researchers also found transplant recipients who developed an arrhythmia were 1.6 times more likely to die within 5 years than those who didn’t, a finding Dr. D’Cunha attributed more to the potential complications of treating arrhythmia than the abnormal heart beats themselves.
"Our study suggests that we may need to treat patients with blood thinners only for a short amount of time-until they are out of the window of highest risk-which will hopefully improve long-term outcomes," Dr. D’Cunha explained.
In addition, because arrhythmia aft er lung transplant can be an anxiety-provoking experience for patients, the findings will allow surgeons to better prepare patients and families for what to expect.

University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine http://tinyurl.com/h3cerpp

For many patients, the uncertainty and stress that can come with cancer treatment is compounded by what is now known as ‘financial toxicity,’ the anxiety and distress that follow health care and medication expenses, often compounded by reduced ability to work.

A team of specialists have demonstrated how a survey can measure a patient’s risk for, and ability to tolerate, financial stress.

With data from 233 patients going through treatment for advanced cancers, the researchers showed that the COST (COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity) questionnaire identified patients at financial distress, which was found to be a ‘clinically relevant patient-centered measure.’

‘As expected, we found a strong association between a patient’s use of health care resources and his or her sense of financial toxicity,’ said the study’s lead author Jonas de Souza, MD, MBA, a head-and-neck cancer specialist and health services researcher at the University of Chicago Medicine. ‘This is something we need to look for, to recognize early and make sure it does not become a barrier to care.’

More than two admissions to the hospital, for example, had a significant impact on a patient’s sense of financial toxicity. ‘This is reasonable,’ de Souza said. ‘Hospital care is much more expensive than office-based care. We now know that it also impacts a patient’s self-reported financial feelings.’

The research team kept the COST questionnaire short and simple. It includes 11 brief statements about costs, resources and concerns. For each question, patients were asked to circle one of five possible responses that help determine their level of concern.

Faced with statements such as: ‘I feel financially stressed,’ or ‘My out-of-pocket medical expenses are more than I thought they would be,’ patients had to choose the answer that best described their situation.

Financial toxicity questionsSample statements from the Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST) tool questionnaire.
The questionnaires revealed several factors that were closely tied to financial toxicity. Employment status was at the top of the list, followed by household income, psychological distress, the number of hospital admissions, and race. African-American individuals tended to have more financial toxicity, on average, than Caucasians.

One surprise was the lack of a perceived financial benefit from participation in clinical trials. ‘Usually the maker of an innovative device or the company that supplies a new drug will pick up the costs related to the investigational drug,’ de Souza said. ‘But that did not reduce our patients’ sense of financial toxicity. We’ve added that to our model.’

The next step is to go back to our patients and understand the factors that drive financial toxicity for each kind of cancer,’ said de Souza. ‘Then we need to learn how to intervene. How can we help these patients, perhaps with financial counselors? And how can we decrease the costs of what we do to treat cancer overall and, at the same time, lessen the financial burdens that fall on the patient.

‘It’s important to note that the financial distress identified by the COST scale captures a unique set of stressors affecting patients above and beyond the physical and psychological strains of their disease,’ notes Lauren Hersch Nicholas, PhD, a health economist at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and member of the study team. ‘Being able to quantify this burden is an important step towards giving patients, their families and care team the information necessary to make the best treatment decisions for each patient’s situation.’

‘As society increasingly considers the costs incurred by patients with cancer as a side effect of treatment, instruments to measure financial toxicity should be patient centred, scientifically derived, and clinically relevant,’ the authors wrote. ‘It is time to start measuring and talking about the costs of care for patients as we would with any other side-effect,’ De Souza said.

Or, as the Irish mathematical physicist Lord Kelvin put it in 1883: ‘When you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind.’

University of Chicago sciencelife.uchospitals.edu/2016/10/07/new-tool-for-cancer-patients-measures-the-stress-of-expenses/

Two major players in the monitor sector have joined forces. The medical monitors business of Panasonic Healthcare Co., Ltd. (‘Panasonic Healthcare’) became part of the EIZO Corporation in August 2016. The business transfer allows EIZO to combine the expertise of the two leading monitor solution manufacturers, especially for applications in medical imaging. The acquisition allows Karlsruhe-based EIZO GmbH to offer the entire product range of medical monitors for minimally invasive surgery, including 2D, 3D and 4K models.
EIZO had already announced the planned expansion of its business in the healthcare market with a particular focus on the field of operating rooms in a mid-term business plan in 2015. ‘Uncompromising quality and innovative products are EIZO’s strengths,’ said Peter Ziegler, Managing Director of EIZO GmbH in Karlsruhe. ‘Acquiring monitor solutions from Panasonic Healthcare lets us extend this offer into endoscopic image display.’
Panasonic Healthcare has been expanding its endoscopy monitor business since August 2010. Over the years, the company has built strong global partnerships with manufacturers in both endoscopy and OR integration. Panasonic Healthcare products are used in operating rooms around the world where they offer medical specialists outstanding colour settings and accurate colour reproduction. Michael Unger, formerly General Manager at Panasonic Biomedical Sales Europe B.V., sees the merger as a positive step for the future. ‘The many years of experience which EIZO and Panasonic Healthcare have accumulated in the area of imaging technology will provide surgeons with an entirely new level of quality and support in the operating room. As General Manager of Endoscopic Imaging for EIZO GmbH, I am delighted to continue supporting ongoing medical advances through the sale of our medical monitors.’

www.eizo.com www.panasonic-healthcare.com/global/

A research team from the University of Bonn has succeeded for the first time in using light stimuli to stop life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in mouse hearts. Furthermore, as shown in computer simulations at Johns Hopkins University, this technique could also be used successfully for human hearts. The study opens up a whole new approach to the development of implantable optical defibrillators, in which the strong electrical impulses of conventional defibrillators are replaced by gentler, pain-free light impulses.

Ventricular fibrillation! When the heart muscle races and no longer contracts in an orderly fashion, sudden death often follows due to the lack of blood circulation. In such an emergency, a defibrillator helps to restore normal heart activity by means of intense electrical shocks. In patients with a known risk for these arrhythmia, the prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator is the treatment of choice. If ventricular fibrillation is detected, a pulse of electricity is automatically generated, which normalizes the excitation of the heart muscle and saves the person’s life.

‘When an implanted defibrillator is triggered, which unfortunately can also happen because of false detection of arrhythmia, it is always a very traumatic event for the patient’, says the head of the study, Junior-Professor Philipp Sasse of the Institute of Physiology I at the University of Bonn. ‘The strong electrical shock is very painful and can even damage the heart further’. Therefore, Professor Sasse’s team investigated the principles for a pain-free, gentler alternative. As the scientists have now shown, ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by optical defibrillation.

The team used the new method of ‘optogenetic’ stimulation of mouse hearts, which had genes inserted for so-called channelrhodopsins. These channels are derived from a green algae and change the ion permeability of heart cell membranes when illuminated. When the researchers triggered ventricular fibrillation in the mouse heart, a light pulse of one second applied to the heart was enough to restore normal rhythm. ‘This is a very important result’, emphasizes lead author Dr. med. Tobias Brugmann of Professor Sasse’s team. ‘It shows for the first time experimentally in the heart that optogenetic stimulation can be used for defibrillation of cardiac arrhythmia’. It also worked in normal mice that received the channelrhodopsin through injection of a biotechnologically-produced virus. This shows a possible clinical application, because similar viruses have already been used for gene therapy in human patients.

But are the findings with mouse hearts applicable to humans? In order to answer this question, the scientists at the University of Bonn are working together with Prof. Natalia Trayanova’s Computational Cardiology Lab at the Institute for Computer Medicine and the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, USA). There, optogenetic defibrillation is being tested in a computer model of the heart of a patient after cardiac infarction. ‘Our simulations show that a light pulse to the heart would also stop the cardiac arrhythmia of this patient’, reports Research Professor Patrick Boyle, who is also a lead author. To do so, however, the method from the University of Bonn had to be optimized for the human heart by using red light to stimulate the heart cells, instead of the blue light used in mice. This aspect of the study demonstrates the important role that can be played by computational modelling to guide and accelerate the systematic development of therapeutic applications for cardiac optogenetics, a technology that is still in its infancy.

University of Bonn www.uni-bonn.de/news/195-2016