A growing number of patients are being discharged from intensive care units, cured of the critical illness that put them there but facing a new and potentially debilitating condition — ICU-acquired weakness.

Intensive care patients are known to lose muscle mass and function for many reasons, ranging from prolonged immobilization, to the effects of ICU treatments such as mechanical ventilation to the critical illness itself.

While the mechanisms of muscle atrophy (loss) and function during an ICU stay have been studied well, little research has been conducted into the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for recovering muscle strength over the long-term.

A new study found that some patients who continue to suffer from weakness six months after they were discharged from the ICU, demonstrate persistent muscle wasting, even when the biologic functions that commonly cause muscles to atrophy have returned to normal such as inflammation or the breakdown of proteins in muscle tissue.

Furthermore, there is no guarantee that reconstitution of muscle size normalizes strength; patients who managed to regrow muscle remained weak. In some cases, this muscle weakness causes profound disability and reduced quality of life, and can last a lifetime, said the study

Specific forms of epilepsy may manifest as early as in the first weeks of life. A new laboratory study shows that a preventive therapeutic strategy can be successful if it is applied within a time window critical to brain development. The study, which was conducted by a team of German and French scientists and headed by Prof. Dirk Isbrandt of the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and the University of Cologne. Using the substance bumetanide in new-born mice, the scientists succeeded in attenuating the disease progression, allowing the animals to develop almost normally. These research results could pave the way for the development of new therapeutic strategies in humans.

Isbrandt and his colleagues conducted experiments in mice with a genetic defect similar to a natural human variant that can cause epilepsy as early as the neonatal period. This mutation results in dysfunctional ion channels in the membranes of nerve cells, thus perturbing the communication between cells. Possible symptoms include jerking or twitching movements, but can also include more subtle behavioural impairments. Early disease symptoms can be mild, but long-term outcomes may be severe, and include pronounced cognitive impairment.

‘This genetic defect has an impact on a specific ion channel in the cell membrane, the so-called Kv7 or M channel. The defect disturbs the ionic balance, which has a direct effect on the excitability of neurons

To operate on the brain, doctors need to see fine details on a small scale. A tiny camera that could produce 3-D images from inside the brain would help surgeons see more intricacies of the tissue they are handling and lead to faster, safer procedures.
An endoscope with such a camera is being developed at NASA

Virtual models can be created in the angiography room thanks to an approach developed by researchers at the University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM) and the university’s departments of radiology, radiation oncology, and nuclear medicine. The latest advances were presented by Dr. Gilles Soulez at the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe (CIRSE).
For 25 years, Dr. Soulez has been involved in developing medical imaging technologies to prevent complication for, operate on, and monitor patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. The main problem has been the ability to properly visualize the area to be treated. ‘Remarkable advances in imagery have improved surgery and helped to develop less invasive interventions. But the images are still far from being perfect. We want to develop new software to maximize the use of images generated with current ultrasound, scanning, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies to ultimately provide more personalized treatments,’ he explained.
On the screen is a coloured image of an abdominal aorta. But there’s something wrong with the photo: an enlarged area that looks like a small balloon. It’s an abdominal aortic aneurysm, a disease caused by weakening of the vessel wall. Linked to atherosclerosis risk factors such as hypertension and smoking, the disease is the 13th cause of death in North America. It especially affects men. ‘If you have a ruptured aneurism, you have a one in two chance of dying,’ Dr. Soulez said.
Currently, a simple abdominal ultrasound or measurement of the aorta with a scanner can detect patients at risk of aneurysm rupture. Beyond 5 cm for women and 5.5 cm for men, surgery is usually recommended. But operations have their own risks, so researchers want to refine screening to provide the most appropriate treatments for patients who really need surgery.
To avoid rupturing the small balloon formed by the abdominal aortic aneurysm, two treatment options exist: open surgery to replace the diseased section or endovascular grafting, in which a catheter is inserted in the groin to deliver a stent-graft through the blood vessels to the aneurysm. This option is less invasive, but in some patients, the morphology of the aneurysm is not suited to this kind of treatment. Using scanner images, Soulez’s research provides three-dimensional images of all components of the aneurysm, i.e., the light, the thrombus or clot, the wall, and the calcification. ‘The grid is used to establish growth profiles of the aneurysm. We are now working to create simulations to better predict the risk of rupture, adding biomechanical properties such as tissue elasticity and connectivity at each pixel of the grid,’ he explained.
Currently, the operation is performed using static images taken by a scanner before the procedure. The procedure itself is done under fluoroscopy by injecting dye into the vessels to be treated. ‘The image produced by X-ray shows the dye in the vessels and the stent being inserted, but not the wall. This approach requires a lot of dye, which can be toxic for the patient if used in excessive amounts,’ said the radiologist.
It’s thanks to a grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), in partnership with Siemens, that Dr. Soulez’s laboratory has been able to develop this approach that combines all available data. ‘We superimpose the images, and this helps to visualize the area to be treated. But in reality, the tools we introduce into the body during the procedure deform the organs. We are testing at the CHUM and in Halifax right now a new approach that uses a computer to automatically recognize the tools introduced into the body and correct the deformities they cause,’ he said. ‘We hope this simulation-operation model will improve the accuracy of the procedure.’

University of Montreal Hospital Research Centrehttp://tinyurl.com/gmo8p4w